* Italian poet, critic, scholar and orator, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1906, highly influential literary figure in his time. Giosuè Carducci (1835-1907) was regarded as the unofficial national poet of modern Italy. Already from his college years he was fascinated with the restrained style of Roman and Greek antiquity, and striving for classical ideals characterized also his mature work.

Carducci was born in Val di Castello in the northwestern corner of Tuscany. His father, Michele Carducci, was a doctor, and a member of the Carbonari, an advocate of the unification of Italy. Due to political reasons, the family was forced to move several times, finally settling in 1849 for two year in Florence, where Carducci started to write. At home he grew up in the atmosphere of rationalism and patriotism. From his father Carducci inherited his admiration of classic poets, but he also read such Romantic writers as Lord Byron and Friederich Shiller. In his own early poetry he was not tempted by the excesses of romanticism. During this time he started to write historical poetry and translated book 9 of Homer's Iliad.

In 1851 Carducci's father accepted a post as medical officer in Celle, modified his views, and again embraced Catholicism. Carducci spent some time teaching patriotic songs to the village boys and wrote odes to Saint Elizabeth and Saint John the Baptist. Soon the elder Carducci was in conflict with the authorities, and was forced to take a low-paying job as surgeon in Piancastagnaio. Carducci supported himself by compiling an anthology of Italian verse, L'arpa del popolo, scelta di poemi religiosi, morali, e patriottici (1855), and wrote articles for L'appendice, becoming a leading figure among the writers associated with the journal.

After receiving his Ph.D. in 1856 from the Scuola Normale Superiore of Pisa, Carducci worked as a teacher, and published in 1857 his first collection of poetry, Rime (Rhymes). These years were difficult for the poet: he had no official post, his father died, and his brother committed suicide. In 1859 Carducci married Elvira Menicucci; they had four children. For a short period, before he was appointed professor of Italian literature at the University of Bologna, Carducci taught Greek at a high school in Pistoia. Carducci was extremely industrious and he gained a huge popularity as a lecturer. As a critic he was fierce, using in his reviews language which made his opponents call him a poeta del maiale (poet of a pig).

In 1859 Carducci was still a monarchist but in a short period he became an enthusiastic republican and opposed the power of the church. Carducci's opinions caused him a brief suspension from the university in 1863, and threatened transfer in 1867. The struggles of the Risorgimento, the nineteenth-century moment that advocated Italian political unity, was seen in such works as Juvenilia (1860), Levia gravia (1868), Giambi ed Epodi (1879), and Rime nuove (1887). His anticlerical and rebellious L'inno a Satana (1865, The Hymn to Satan) aroused much controversy. Satan was not for him the embodiment of evil and corruption, but a synomym for restless progress. Carducci's political views were mercurial; he was alternately pro- and anti-republican. Later he started to support the monarchy and Italy's expansive politics in Africa. In 1890 he was made a senator for life.

Carducci often returned in his poems to his native region, as in Alle fonti del Clitumno (1876), a meditation on the history and present of Tuscany. Among Carducci's major works are the three volumes of Odi barbare (1878-1889) and Rime a ritmi (1898), which were written in meters imitative of Horace and Virgil, and tried to capture the spirit of the classical world, Rime nuove (1861-1887). Carducci's other publications include monographs and essays, and other prose works on Italian literature. Carducci died on February 16, 1907, near Lucca, Duchy of Lucca. Although Carducci's reputation has rested on his poetry, his poetic output occupy only four volumes of his Opere complete (1939-41, 30 vols.).